Page 32 - Tropical Peat Swamp Forests of Sarawak FA
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of the palm Licuala paludosa as poles for marine Climate change
ishing activities is also an important income
generating activity. BOX V. The future of NTFP
development and peat swamp forests
“Non-timber forest products For the Iban communities near Maludam
are widely used by members of National Park, three NTFP sources have large The efects of emissions of CO and other green- during the Northern Hemisphere winter than
potential for development in the near future:
2
Iban village communities.” 1. Maram fruit: Especially for local market house gases from human activities on the glob- during summer. It is likely that the warming up
in South and Southeast Asia will be less than
al climate are becoming increasingly visible.
trade. This includes changes in temperature, precipita- the global mean in the months June-July-August.
The target NTFP’s are produced in the wild, 2. Wild veggie (Paku Midin): for both national tion, sea level rise, atmospheric circulation pat- Over the last 100 years, sea level has risen
and involve little management. For Eleiodoxa and international markets. tern (wind), surface water and groundwater, and between 10 and 25 centimetres worldwide tail
conferta, Pandanus andersonii and Licuala palu- changes in ecosystems. For many areas on Earth end of a continuous rise since the last ice age,
dosa the peat swamp forest within Maludam 3. Handicraft development: especially for these changes lead to an increased frequency sea level has risen most sharply over the last 50
National Park is an important production area. Sarawak tourists and in particular those and the intensity of extreme weather events. years. The increase in the rate of sea level rise
The other target NTFP’s are collected outside who visit Maludam National Park itself. For the Asian region, changes in the climate and is related to the observed increase of the Earth’s
the park boundaries. Collection, processing and global temperature, and melting of glaciers and
trading of the target NTFP’s is merely a womens’ For the diferent products alliances with dif- its intraseasonal and interannual variability ice sheets.
afair, except for fruit and palm stems which ferent partners (Forest Cooperation Research may exacerbate threats to biodiversity result-
are harvested in peat swamp forest. Collection Centre, Agricultural Research Centre, Sarakraf, ing from land-use/cover change and population An increase in the average global temperature
and processing include simple equipment and eco-tourism agencies etc.) form a prerequisite pressure. Conversion of peat swamp forests sig- leads to more evaporation and precipitation.
techniques, except for the production of handi- niicantly contributes to climate changes as vast Circulation models simulate an increase in
craft products, which demands speciic skills. for successful product development. amounts of CO may be released when peats are area-average annual mean rainfall over Asia of
Collection, processing and trading is managed 2 approximately 7% in the 2050s and 11% in the
by individuals, but collection is also done in drained. Converted peatlands no longer seques- 2080s. Peak wind intensities may increase by
family-based groups. Key challenges for the future include: ter carbon but become net emitters of carbon. 5 to 10% and peak precipitation by 20 to 30%.
a. Establishment of co-operatives, enabling Monsoons in tropical Asia may become more
NTFP activities represent an income generating pooling of larger volumes of non-timber forest variable if El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
option that villagers resort to because there are products, sharing the costs and beneits of “Over the past 130 years, events become stronger and more frequent in
few employment opportunities in the area. Fair investments in storage, processing and trans- a warmer atmosphere. Cyclone frequency and
prices and a stable and even growing demand portation, and improved bargaining power the mean temperature of intensity are not predicted to increase.
for some NTFP’s, such as edible ferns, lie for and capacity to mobilise resources. Increased precipitation is expected to enhance
most of them behind their decision to engage b. Development of successful marketing strate- the earth’s surface has risen peak low in river systems in Southeast Asia.
in NTFP activities. Household incomes from the gies, including partnerships with private Furthermore, coastal zones will experience
target NTFP’s range from RM96 to RM1138 per companies to improve local access to mar- between 0.3 and 0.6 ºC.” encroachment of tidal waters into estuaries and
month. Comparatively high incomes are general- kets, capital, skills and technology. rivers.
ly based on trading handicraft products such as c. Domestication of marketable species.
mats, baskets and terendak (wide-rim hats). To
villagers NTFP income mostly serves as a sup- Future development of the commercial NTFPs Consequences of climate change for
plement to other income sources, although for a harvested at Maludam NP also involve a stra- Climate projections for Southeast Asia peat swamp forests
few however it serves as a means of livelihood. tegic market analysis and a study on synergy Over the past 130 years, the mean temperature
and competition with oil palm and commercial of the Earth’s surface has risen between 0.3 Direct impacts
Future actions NTFPs such as ferns and Maram. Furthermore and 0.6 º C. Most of this temperature increase Peat swamp forests are especially vulnerable
sustainable harvesting levels for NTFPs need to
to rapid sea level rises due to their location in
occurred during the last few decades, when the
Sustained external assistance will be needed, be determined. global average temperature has risen by about lowland coastal areas. Rises in sea level may
with an emphasis on local capacity building 0.2 º C per decade. The largest recent warming induce looding events and increase salt water
through group formation, training on small is between 40 ºN and 70 ºN. In general, the land intrusion into groundwater, thereby negatively
business management and provision of micro area warms faster then the ocean due to the afecting the hydrological functioning of peat
credits, to allow village communities to partici- much larger heat capacity of the oceans. Cur- domes as freshwater reservoirs. These processes
pate proitably from current and future market rently available circulation models suggest an will be especially profound in peat areas that are
opportunities. annual warming of about 3º C in the decade of subject to soil subsidence due to drainage.
the 2050s. Projected warming over Asia is higher Surface water and groundwater resources in
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ishing activities is also an important income
generating activity. BOX V. The future of NTFP
development and peat swamp forests
“Non-timber forest products For the Iban communities near Maludam
are widely used by members of National Park, three NTFP sources have large The efects of emissions of CO and other green- during the Northern Hemisphere winter than
potential for development in the near future:
2
Iban village communities.” 1. Maram fruit: Especially for local market house gases from human activities on the glob- during summer. It is likely that the warming up
in South and Southeast Asia will be less than
al climate are becoming increasingly visible.
trade. This includes changes in temperature, precipita- the global mean in the months June-July-August.
The target NTFP’s are produced in the wild, 2. Wild veggie (Paku Midin): for both national tion, sea level rise, atmospheric circulation pat- Over the last 100 years, sea level has risen
and involve little management. For Eleiodoxa and international markets. tern (wind), surface water and groundwater, and between 10 and 25 centimetres worldwide tail
conferta, Pandanus andersonii and Licuala palu- changes in ecosystems. For many areas on Earth end of a continuous rise since the last ice age,
dosa the peat swamp forest within Maludam 3. Handicraft development: especially for these changes lead to an increased frequency sea level has risen most sharply over the last 50
National Park is an important production area. Sarawak tourists and in particular those and the intensity of extreme weather events. years. The increase in the rate of sea level rise
The other target NTFP’s are collected outside who visit Maludam National Park itself. For the Asian region, changes in the climate and is related to the observed increase of the Earth’s
the park boundaries. Collection, processing and global temperature, and melting of glaciers and
trading of the target NTFP’s is merely a womens’ For the diferent products alliances with dif- its intraseasonal and interannual variability ice sheets.
afair, except for fruit and palm stems which ferent partners (Forest Cooperation Research may exacerbate threats to biodiversity result-
are harvested in peat swamp forest. Collection Centre, Agricultural Research Centre, Sarakraf, ing from land-use/cover change and population An increase in the average global temperature
and processing include simple equipment and eco-tourism agencies etc.) form a prerequisite pressure. Conversion of peat swamp forests sig- leads to more evaporation and precipitation.
techniques, except for the production of handi- niicantly contributes to climate changes as vast Circulation models simulate an increase in
craft products, which demands speciic skills. for successful product development. amounts of CO may be released when peats are area-average annual mean rainfall over Asia of
Collection, processing and trading is managed 2 approximately 7% in the 2050s and 11% in the
by individuals, but collection is also done in drained. Converted peatlands no longer seques- 2080s. Peak wind intensities may increase by
family-based groups. Key challenges for the future include: ter carbon but become net emitters of carbon. 5 to 10% and peak precipitation by 20 to 30%.
a. Establishment of co-operatives, enabling Monsoons in tropical Asia may become more
NTFP activities represent an income generating pooling of larger volumes of non-timber forest variable if El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
option that villagers resort to because there are products, sharing the costs and beneits of “Over the past 130 years, events become stronger and more frequent in
few employment opportunities in the area. Fair investments in storage, processing and trans- a warmer atmosphere. Cyclone frequency and
prices and a stable and even growing demand portation, and improved bargaining power the mean temperature of intensity are not predicted to increase.
for some NTFP’s, such as edible ferns, lie for and capacity to mobilise resources. Increased precipitation is expected to enhance
most of them behind their decision to engage b. Development of successful marketing strate- the earth’s surface has risen peak low in river systems in Southeast Asia.
in NTFP activities. Household incomes from the gies, including partnerships with private Furthermore, coastal zones will experience
target NTFP’s range from RM96 to RM1138 per companies to improve local access to mar- between 0.3 and 0.6 ºC.” encroachment of tidal waters into estuaries and
month. Comparatively high incomes are general- kets, capital, skills and technology. rivers.
ly based on trading handicraft products such as c. Domestication of marketable species.
mats, baskets and terendak (wide-rim hats). To
villagers NTFP income mostly serves as a sup- Future development of the commercial NTFPs Consequences of climate change for
plement to other income sources, although for a harvested at Maludam NP also involve a stra- Climate projections for Southeast Asia peat swamp forests
few however it serves as a means of livelihood. tegic market analysis and a study on synergy Over the past 130 years, the mean temperature
and competition with oil palm and commercial of the Earth’s surface has risen between 0.3 Direct impacts
Future actions NTFPs such as ferns and Maram. Furthermore and 0.6 º C. Most of this temperature increase Peat swamp forests are especially vulnerable
sustainable harvesting levels for NTFPs need to
to rapid sea level rises due to their location in
occurred during the last few decades, when the
Sustained external assistance will be needed, be determined. global average temperature has risen by about lowland coastal areas. Rises in sea level may
with an emphasis on local capacity building 0.2 º C per decade. The largest recent warming induce looding events and increase salt water
through group formation, training on small is between 40 ºN and 70 ºN. In general, the land intrusion into groundwater, thereby negatively
business management and provision of micro area warms faster then the ocean due to the afecting the hydrological functioning of peat
credits, to allow village communities to partici- much larger heat capacity of the oceans. Cur- domes as freshwater reservoirs. These processes
pate proitably from current and future market rently available circulation models suggest an will be especially profound in peat areas that are
opportunities. annual warming of about 3º C in the decade of subject to soil subsidence due to drainage.
the 2050s. Projected warming over Asia is higher Surface water and groundwater resources in
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